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The Creation of Amazing History of Computers...

Computer :

Computer and computer sound means we are more or less all know. Then we remind everyone again. The word comes from the Greek word komonpout the computer. The literal meaning of komonpout account or counted. The meaning of the word count, and computer equipment. Gankainatar or computer is a machine which follow mathematical calculations related to very fast. But at present, and not just the computer counting machine. Computer is a device that takes information and analysis through various processes. In Bangladesh, the first computer came in 1964.

The world's oldest computer

Abacus

The number of people in ancient times to oyster, gravel, a rope used git, etc. Later calculations using different techniques and machine and Abacus counting machine is an ancient computer as the first machine in history. In other words, from the computer history abacus shuvatura. It was discovered in 2400 BC, Babylon. Abacus frame decoration moves to change the space calculation device. BC 450/500 BC in Egypt or China abacus as a counting machine.

In 1616 the mathematician John Napier of Scotland, so printing with corrections/marks or rods. These are known as Napier's bones.

1642 Blaise Pascal in the 19-year-old French fertilizer the first mechanical calculator. He employed the help of the gear wheel or the method of subtraction. In 1671, the German mathematician gotferide von loibners Pascal machine on the basis of the wheel and rods using multiplication and Division of the definition more advanced mechanical calculator Teri. He has removed the name of the device the device. The theoretical side of the device with good mechanical problem becomes popular.

In 1820 after Tomas removed the device removes the difficulty of lohabnaser popular device. At the beginning of the 19th century, the construction of the modern idea of a device first used by Babbage. He named it dorfarenes engine. The dorfarenes engine in 1833 while working with more advanced and in the name of universal engine aranal is a machine concept. But there is no lack of the necessary equipment and money he could to finish the job.

Enrothertara mekanazam:

In the summer of 1900. In April, a group of Greek sponge divers ' lazy to plunge to a place near the Greek island of "enrothertara". Their mission under water near the island brought up sponge from the market. This dream never did not think the Group of divers that they were going to be the oldest of the world of computer users. Because he still is making the computer originally. Ordinary people is even not computer science involved all knew about the machine.

They gave him 148 feet 45 meters of the sea, or dive into the deep. After going down the water they had seen in the darkness might Dim a lot of the older part of a ship. They came up in the excitement of discovery. All of the party. Everyone went down to dip again, sure that a lot of the old ship is a ship. The idea of bringing up their sponge. The party began with an old ship khattakhat all together. The ship's name is "enrothertara rhak" of the ship. Dive team began to lift slowly sinking ship old equipment. Some very old bronze, marble statues, pottery, glass, jewellery, coins, etc. But such items when using some of them.

They gave everything to save Athens ' National Museum of arscolzi in which the scientist works with these can enrich civilization, the history behind these objects can bring forth. Diver rescued from ship to stuff the trout group, with bronze base damage, "How are aljor random isolated delivered some daasodzala wheel. All the things in the Museum are drawn 2 years. A group of researchers and staff of the Museum's pieces began to come together by isolated parts. A member of the group that arekolzessolot bhelerus saitseic still did not know how long that one key from the darkness of ancient history to the discovery.

Saitseic, rubbing the stuff felt pieces one piece with another piece trying to find something. He noticed a wheel inside a rock. At first he thought it was a "esrotteromo time clock or can be something other than advanced, but other sinertorsitra disapproval. Impossible, it can't be. Because this is a complex machine like this how people before.

Already coming out that this ship roughly the time of the birth of Jesus and almost 1900 years old. They took the wheel of the guess thing more than age. They had an idea this thing (), born at least 100-150 years old. This is a pretty old bronze pieces could not shake the team researchers. The most ancient of the world do not know that they are going to discover the computer just came back from.

Then almost 50 years at one glance wheels damage gold did not. In the Museum of Athens are abandoned. 1951 in Yale University's Professor, physicist and science historian Derek de Sola price showed interest in the pieces of bronze. This great man did with these many years long. A nuclear physicist with whom between Greek karalamas karakalos. In 1971 a total of 82 pieces together the two parts of the wheels on the x-ray, gamma-ray experiments chalalen. That they didn't want to dismiss some of the pieces are about the price of his more than 20 years of research and test results did reveal a huge article on page 70.

Professor price stand the pieces together that 2000 years ago the ancient ruined the computer showed the people of this world, make again

"Look, what was coming a year 2000 computer:

The ancient Greek island of enrothertara scientist used this device to them what it is not, however, give a name. Professor of history of the world to discover the price of mekanakerakel was given the name "enrothertara mekanazam" of the computer.

Today's modern electronic computer to the computer is probably nothing but 2200 years ago, man is designed with computers, space research has always been one of those mekano, locate stars with their calendars, even four years after the The Greek Olympiad held at the time and it is by this computer. Today, in front of an electronic computer in 2015 while working on these ideas.

Binary logic

Gottfried Wilhelm loibners in 1703 his writing binary number system, a formal mathematical sense logic improvements. In his system, and zero represents the quality and truth. But in 1854, George and repeating its mathematically established a complete system of computational processes with Boolean algebra to be honest more than a century.

During this time the binary pattern was first powered by a mechanical device invented. The industrial revolution brought forward in the mechanization of work. In 1801 Joseph Mary jarjakuzarid-gut punch card control. A hole where a binary one and a spot card a binary zero. It was far from a computer jarjakurer looms, but it could lead to machines powered by binary systems.

Computers & computing one of the foundation stone :

In 1926. 14-year-old Allan tarwar sherborran, the first class of the school. The same day, the UK's general strike. But go to school taurs. Hehe nachrbanida. In the end, riding his bicycle alone had 97 kilometres to school near by. :O

Sherborran school usually had language, literature, philosophy, emphasis, arts etc. But there was no mind. Tarwar was really abysmal math and science. Therefore, the school's head teacher wrote a letter to his father tarwar are saying, tarwar the possibility of a much larger future scientist and mathematician. So sherbarran tarwar and samajashepanshould not be used.

In 1936 after 10 years of Alan taurs "in a special device name device taurs discovered. It is not a material device, but nothing written in pen and paper policy. This is one of the most modern computer and computing devices are taurs foundationstone. The development of the modern electronic computer, greatly inspired by taurs device. Alan in 1954 at the age of just 42 with cyanide taurs Apple died after eating. However, it is in the life of solballaj computer science is rich in different ways. Alan torur is the father of artificial intelligence and computer science.

Taurs award:

New York-based world's ancient computer Association Association for computing (ACM) of computer science in 1966 for paultry industry producer Alan tarwar name of prestigious computer science Award launched ' taurs Award ". Civilization and people influenced by fast computer run all the discovery of science and gobeshanakari for each year the award is given to taurs. Taurs award in computer science tradition, the far-reaching impact of the award, the award-winning taurs taurs unique creativity and overall acceptance worldwide because it has been described as the ' Nobel ' of the computer. The financial value of this award two million 50 thousand dollars.

In 1966, the year the launch of the prize award taurs was awarded the American computer scientist Alan Perlis. His great contribution to the development of programming languages and kamaspaila for this prize. Famous programming languages he named arjalagal, a co-inventor. "If you want to also learn computer and computers can be taught anything" — the concept and theory of the pioneers of artificial intelligence provider morjakkarothar taurs Prize in 1971. The father of the c programming language and the UNIX operating system with the creator Dennis Ritchie taurs award in 1983. Francis is Allen was one of the first women who was awarded the prize in taurs. In 2006 us computer scientist and computer kamaspaila performance brididhavisath for research taurs prize. Another woman, Barbara taurs Prize in 2008 lorskov. Computer parogorum advanced school: his role in the development of object oriented programming and advanced software for architectural research award. He saweliu and two programming languages and associated argas. Among the first Asian taurs Prize Indian computer scientist Raja Gopal Raj Reddy. Large scale application of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence, and technical framework of the commercial aspects of artificial intelligence research in 1994 for taurs prize. In his own country in 2001 Reddy was awarded Padma Bhushan title. Last year, the prize was awarded $ taurs computer scientist Leslie g. valiant. Machine learning-theory, parallel computing, and other subjects important for the prize. Over the past 45 years, a total of 57 people were awarded this prize in computer scientist.

In fact, mechanical and electronic counting with the help of a computer that can be related to, with the help of the machine and its all taurs are possible. But in reality it is not with the help of a computer implementation of a lot and with the help of the machine as possible. taurs Around the world, computer scientists are travelling to understand better the limitations of real computing taurs device. And taurs Award and computer scientists reveal new horizons real computing removes the limitation on who ever is motivations.

From the past are currently computer:

From the past to the current computer takes over. Modern computer scheme created by British mathematician

In 1822 he discovered "dorfarenes engine" because of some problems could not be created. In 1833 he again after many previous gannakaro device a centralised feel. Because of this need to think of a device called "anjanaltorkal machine". It's so he can finish. The machine design is based on today's computers. This is why he is called the father of the father or the computer. After Lady adraja agasherta, Frank bonediun, Charles Babbage, with many more move forward in the work of.

Charles Babbage in 1887: Dr. harmahan halereth "United States Census of electorato mekanakerakel system parachaqar to use a device discovery. This would be a quick census work. In 1896 he developed for "halereth tebulateras machine company" in the name of a company. Subsequently, several companies are established. These companies are creating together is a famous institution "international business machines Corporation or the current IBM.

America's Harvard University mathematics professor Howard h. H. Aiken and IBM's four parcoshli was built in 1944 in collaboration with the first automatic General electromechanical digital computer Mark-1. It was about a length of 51 feet, the height of 8 feet. It is almost 500 miles long for 7 more equipment was used. Its weight was 5 tons, it was 15 years. Currently it is in the Museum of science at the University of Harvard.

In 1986 the United States Pennsylvania University Professor: Dr. John mousler and his students ' first generation ' match akernod made digital presper computer ENIAC. It was very highly and was nearly 30 tons of weight. This 5000 per second to subtraction.

In 1946, the Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann stored program concept was invented. He is the first computer "information and" reserved parking. This concept is based on EDSAC in Cambridge University Professor by the name of morosh wilucksh 1946 the first automatic electronic digital computer

Von narjhrmain policy before creating work on ENIAC's creators ' EDSAC, John mousele, and j. The name is used to create computer ENIAC "presper Eckert. They were busy creating a company in which the computer is to create delay. EDVAC in 1950.

Then ' mousele ' and ' j. Presper Eckert in their company "in March 1951 UNIVAC-1. It is the first commercial electronic computer created. This Crystal diode switch and vaizakuzalem tube circuits used. This is aread, write and count information. The first UNIVAC-1 is the latest Census Bureau Of the United States, has been in Office, the second air force, the third army map service in the Office. In 1953 a IBM701 commercial computer built by IBM. At this time the program was invented binary language.

In 1948 due to absharker tranjas bulb tarsanjaslatar is used instead. As a result of computer use it slowly in size small. This was developed from the earlier computers, fast dynamic and sustainable. Datmauth of the United States in 1964, two professors J. G. Kemeny and Kurtz in the name Tomas has a basic program written. It is easy to write a program in highly. Which is very popular.

Tarsanjaslatar IC or Integrated Circuit was invented after the discovery. A small part of Silicon more tarsanjaslatar together it. I use kamarpouter, its very small size increased with the quality and speed of work is faster.

The biggest success came the computer microprocessor discovery. In1971 the first microprocessor Intel company in America. It is a measure of the silicon plate baragairacha thousands of tirenzeetar a device. As a result, the computer becomes a television. The price of the computer it comes up, use of facilities increases and increased ability to work is thousands of times. It is a computer built with today's Personal Computer.

Today. There is good or if you know the tune, if any problem then do not forget to tell me. Your feedback will help me to be amended. Here is the last. I'll see you in the next tune.

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Let's learn Programing in C

Programming:

How to programming in c programming, how to write a program in a software or program what to write-side dice, these will be about. As we are automatic machines, all with one or more than one program. And the program is written in programming language. Programming of software only if computer is not everything that can be made for the program will be made. A little calculator started everything robots or aircraft program.

There are many Programming Language to learn. This is one of the most popular one is the C Programming. Dennis Ritchie (born September 9, 1941 – died October 8, 2011) developed this new lot of c language is created in the future. Learn how to make a language later many of the language can be written easily in code.

Computer processing of programming instruction. Instruction is to write some specific rules. That is, it is write programs that accept rules programming language. Learn a lot of things for us to learn to learn c++. We used software, Web site or mobile app, home automation can create software etc. And it can do today if we started learning. Veryeasy teach. What you need is a computer, Internet and nothing. Learn from the rest of the Internet. Need is a text editor for writing programs or ID.

A programming language is a few more topech operators, strings and carectar, control flow, looping, function, array, etc. A few topech are language based. If you know of a language are well known for the rest of the language easily. Here are useful all the top easy tried to write.

The first c program:

Need a computer for programming and compilers. Two of the like isn't it? Both begin with the letter k and "morop" is racist.

You have a computer then it could not read the article, isn't it? Nowwe need a compilers. A c compilers. Our code will not compile the code programming.

Why do I need previous compilers. We cannot read what we write computer it. Need for machine language of the computer. Our changes to the c programming language to machine the compilers. We compiled c code CodeBlocks IDE for writing and will use. If you go to the link below to download CodeBlocks codeblocks-12.11mingw-setup_user.exe 

http://www.codeblocks.org/downloads/binaries

Then install. Open the file. Then look like below to do so.

                                           If you install code ready for writing.

                                          Create New Project from here this .

And select Console Application from here click Go.

Now click Next and select C. Name your project Project Title box. For example, hello. Folder to create a folder for your project from the project in the Save in box to select whether you want. Next is kaila. NowFinish this kaila.

Now the right side you will see your workspace. There are your project. Click on the + sign hello. Then click on the + sign and main Source ... click on c. CodeBlocks is a simple project to make a code for templates, it will show. Including the text:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
    printf("Hello world");
    return 0;
}

Our code is compiled and run from the file menu for her to click and Build and Build, click Run. Will compile and run your c program. And like the one below will output

If you can run the above program, congratulations and welcome to the world of programming. Not need to be depressed. Try a little bit from the beginning again. Then.

The above code we write now, let me explain a little.

The first line of our program is #include <stdio.h>. Include means nothing. Stdio's standard input is output grows. Stdio. h. h make it witha header file. And the entire line is used with standard input output log. Standard input output about a little bit later.

The next line is int main (), it is called a main function. When we shall run the program then will start working from the main function. So all a program (and only one) main function. In the beginning of the main function is to start with the second bracket. The main function is to complete a second bracket.

The main function of the second bracket inside the first line, we writeprintf ("Hello world!");

Here the printf () is a function. Printf it means print formatted. It is a library function which standard uput function. Printf () is working on the console/screen print. Double quotation marks inside what we write it will print on the screen. We first write a line that #include <stdio.h>. Printf () function is how some prints reads the stdio. h file.

After that, we write another line return 0; We say that a function is main. Each function has a return value. What function returns something at the end of its work. Return 0 means zero return. For more detailsabout this later when we read about the function.

printf("Hello world!"); Or return 0; These are called statement (Statement). At the end of each statement a semicolon (;) . If we do not deal with semicolons, will run the program and mistakes in compilers. Programming in the beginning many people forgot to semicolons, compile error (compile error), then try to find where it went wrong. A little noticed code entered these minor mistakes can easily be avoided.

Now, this program does not try to write yourself. Hello world! Like your name or will instead try to run with.

Problems and solving:

Code block is an IDE. It takes our compilers. We will compile the c programs. If you do not have installed compilers, like the one below iror.

Environment Error Can't fild compiler executable in your configurd search path for "GNU GCC" compiler

For this we need to install Mingw with Codeblocks downloads including. Codeblocks mingw download  page, setup exe is x-x.x. downloads in order ... This will solve the problem.

Tibe and variable data:

We have only one line in program before deta a output shown. Which is just enough to start programming. In fact we have to write complex programs. The idea of our need for variable.

Variable is a name that no data in the memory of the computer. Thisdata may be naumraharik (any number) or a character value. What types of data will be in this variable we are data type. Variable we learnagain later. Now I know about this data tyfe.

There are many types of data type in c programming. Among the main four:

int data type

char data type

float data type

double data type

int data type

Int data type to integer quantity (indivisible subscribers like 1, 2, 3 etc.). Its size 2 bytes or 16 bits (1বাইট = 8বিট) and reroz-32768 32767 to +. Some compilers for the int data 4 bytes of memory. In other words, a maximum of 4 bytes data type int data. Whose range is-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 this range means that the number of its biggest quality if we do use the compilers will not correct value. This size and ranges in different compilers.

Int data type's as an example, we can see a program. Length and breadth of the land, a azyetakar know we can find its area. Isn't it? I thinkthe length of 5 units and width 8 units. We have an area of 5 * 8 = 40units. How we can find it in the program? See the program below.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
 int volume;
 int length = 5;
 int width = 8;
 volume = length * width;
 printf("%f", volume);
 return 0;
}

If you run the program, we'll see 40 output

It certainly looks from our first program complex. And a little big. Butof course much easier. A while ago we called bharzaribal listening to the object name keeps the store or save anything that is computer memory.

The area of land out to us is to keep in memory the computer. We need to keep in memory a computer variable. We have our variable name for an area of volume, but the volume we will know what kind of data it will not be the computer? We will, as a area and it is a number.

A while ago we learned about a data type name of int. What computer Integer/integer can be stored on the computer. So we've used int.And it's all one line of writing int volume; Called variable dochelareshon. In other words, a variable before using it to solicit. Dorcalesareshan last we have a cm Colón. At the end of a variable dorcalesareshan is to use a semicolon to the end. In other words, to solicit a variable like the one below:

data_type variable_name;

Tell us the computer that our length and breadth of the land, how, isn't it? For this we have two variable length and width. This two volume int again. A little bit different. We solicit these two variable with a value set. Called value assigned. To solicit variable including the quality process:

data_type variable_name = value;

After that, we write in the present volume = length * width; This means that the value for variable length and width variable value by multiplying this volume.

The next line with we. printf("%d", volume); What is the printf () function.

Printf () function's job is to print something. Printf () to print a text inside the double quotes entered in it, print it, we have to know before.

But this time we will print a variable value from insterge. We will have to follow some rules for this. Printf () to print a insterge inside the double quotes is% d, it is write with the placeholder. For each data type aladha aladha placeholders. % D means display integer. Double quotes after a comma. After writing our insterge variable. Which area of our land prints.

This thing that we could do in the face huh? It would be better if the program runs the length and breadth have been taken since. Then we could find any area of land. We are saikhab. More barjasik with the concept before.

Placeholders/Placeholder

A while ago we heard a word placeholder name. Each type has different placeholders for data. The following placeholders are a different type and their data are given

Data type

Placeholders

int

%d

char

%c

float

%f

double

%lf

character data type

Now we know a little bit about the character data type.

Char data type to single character (a race such as a, b, z, A, N, etc.). The size of 1 byte or 8 bits. Bit (1 byte = 8 bit) and reroz-128 to + 127.It is a sign of our keyboard each character. Carectar to solicit variable process:

char variable_name;

Character variable, only a carectar/letter/character can be stored. The following program dekhera

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
char ch = 'A';
printf("%c", ch);
return 0;
}

Here ch a carectar variable. Then we print it. To assign a variable of carectar for single quotation within. Thus "A".

float data type:

Integer data is stored in the integer-only taife. A integer variable by a decimal value e.g., 8.9 or some intention. After that the variable print. What he saw? There is no next part of decimal places? The following program runs into you see:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
 int n = 8.9;
 printf("%f", n);
 return 0;
}

It's just our 8. Although we have within the variable 8.9. That's because the computer only to int is integer can be stored in the memory. The decimal value for the computer we need another data tyfe, called float.

Floating point number data type to float (floating-point subscribers like 10.5, 1.8, 5.6, etc). Floating point data accurate to the decimal value of 6 rooms after tyfe. The Data Type of the variable n the program changed to float into the run with:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

float n = 8.9;

printf("%d", n);

return 0;

}

It is now the right value.

The area of a circle of radius of need for. Taking a circle radius 7.6 units. We wrote a program to find the area of felleh

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

float radius = 7.6;

float area = (radius*radius * 3.1416);

printf("%f", area);

return 0;

}

We took a point variable floting radius. The circle radius. Another variable in the name of the area in which the area took out.

We have the area of a circle is the RADIUS janar * baraisaradhian * PI value. So writing and we print the value.

In an example of the printf function integer before the placeholder we use as% d, floating point for this placeholder is% f. The rest is easy isn't it?

We knew that floating point decimal can give an accurate value for the room after 6. To get an accurate value until more homes than our need to use another data tyfe whose name is double.

double data type

Double precision floating point number data type to Double. This float data type is like size large. Its size 8 bytes or 64 bit. And it is accurate to the decimal value of 15 rooms.

We know that the circumference of the circle and the ratio of the diameter to PI/Pi [Π] with. It is an irrational number. It is not possible to express the decimal form is complete. There are infinite numbers after the decimal, for this. If we try to find value with the float, we get a decimal after the 6 rooms. But if we get double value, so an accurate value until 15 rooms after the decimal place. Double value as placeholders for output to print or to use lf. The following program is dekhera

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

double pi = 3.14159265358979323846;

printf("%lf", pi);

return 0;

}

Now, though, after the compile runtime after the decimal 6 homes. But we are saying to the accurate value of 15 rooms. Right said. Now you must tell how compilers decimal will print the last House. The following program is dekhera

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

double pi = 3.14159265358979323846;

printf("%.9lf", pi);

return 0;

}

Here we paslesholedare wrote. 9lf. How will print the decimal paslesholedare room only room in it will print. The above program now find value after the decimal will print up to 9 rooms.

Play naughty idea in mind?. 50lf in its place .. 9lf decimal will print after 50 rooms, right? Yeah, right ... just after the decimal if 50lf up to 50 homes will print. Want to get the results that we have it. Get wrong. The following program is dekhera

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

double pi = 3.14159265358979323846;

printf("%.20f", pi);

return 0;

}

Here we get to the decimal value of 20ঘর. We want to get the value up to 20 rooms. So paslesholedare have said that after the decimal 20f. 20 House print. But after 15 of the House's value until the maximum print. Then how many zero fill. Because after the decimal data type 15 room dobule standards just like you remember.

Data type and reroz

Read about suruteymra range, maybe just like I didn't realize. But this understanding is to leave. Int data type's size is what we said 2 bytes.We don't know a byte equals 8 bits. Then the two bytes equal to 16 bit. And this is the meaning of 16 bit (216-1) = (65536-1) = up to 65535 will be able to save correctly. I mean how we 0-65535 a inroterzare a value that can save. Now, if we as a value. Insterge data type, we save 65538 compilers will not be able to adequately value our output.

We are told that some compilers for inretarser 4 bytes memory allotment. 4 bytes means 4 * 8 bits. = 32 bit. And 32 bit means we (232-1)= (4294967296-1) = 4294967295 can save up to insterge data type value is correct. If a value larger than insterge want to save as, then get the output as well. Which will it wow. Wow why. Any number larger than 4294967295 before insterge prints as variable. For example, 6294967295

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int n = 6294967295;

printf("%d", n);

return 0;

}

How can output? I have 1999999999 ... Which is it to be found. Because insterge detataipe as a value greater than his ability we have trying to save.

The next number of 4294967295 4294967296, print dekhera

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int n = 4294967296;

printf("%d", n);

return 0;

}

Can output to zero. 0.

Get 1 saw print 4294967297.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int n = 4294967297;

printf("%d", n);

return 0;

}

Thus, if we print 4294967298,

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